Photosynthesis

I had always known photosynthesis as "the way plants breathe"but this past week I found out that it is much more than just that; Photosynthesis is the way that plants obtain their energy. The plants convert photon rays from the sun into many molecules of ATP through a complicated and mind-boggling process, which I will do my best to take you through now. Photosynthesis has two stages; The light and dark reactions (although dark reaction is not exactly the most accurate term because indirectly it needs light to power it, so we'll call it the light independent reaction.) 

The light reaction takes place in the chloroplast organelle of a plant cell, specifically in the thylakoids (the small disks as can be seen in the diagram at the right.) Photons (light rays) from the sun enter into the thylakoid specifically into special protein lodged in the membrane of the thylakoid called photosystem two (PHII). The energy from the photon ray excites an electron that is sitting at the bottom of PHII, and makes it shoot up to the top of PHII. Then the electron falls down a gradient to another special protein, also lodged in the membrane of the thylakoid, called photosystem one (PHI). As the electron falls down to the bottom of PHI, it releases some energy which is used to pump a Hydrogen ion across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma to the lumen. The electron then is excited by another photon ray which enters into PHI, and rises up to the top of PHI. The energy from the electron is used to phosphoralize an NADP plus molecule into an NADPH molecule. The NADPH molecule also takes in the electron, and then is transported to the Calvin Cycle where it will eventually be used to synthesize ATP. You may be wondering how the electrons in PHII and PHI are replaced, and that has a simple explanation. There are water molecules that the plant has obtained either through it's roots or from the air that are in the lumen of the thylakoid. PHII is a powerful enough protein that it can oxidize water into two Hydrogen ions (made up of one proton and one electron each), and one oxygen gas molecule. The oxygen gas is released as a by-product of photosynthesis, the Hydrogen ions stay in the lumen and add to the build up of Hydrogens in the lumen until they are pumped back through the ATP synthase, and the electrons enter PHII and then are excited by the photon rays. 

That sums up the light reaction portion of photosynthesis, and it can be summarized in the diagram at the right. The inputs of the light reaction include water, and sunlight, and the outputs are NADPH, ATP's (which are synthesized in by Hydrogen ions being pumped through the ATP synthase which is also lodged in the membrane of the thylakoids) and oxygen gas.

The second half of photosynthesis, called the Calvin Cycle, which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast, can be conducted without the presence of light, but it needs the ATP's and NADPH's that were produced in the light reaction to fuel it. Remember when i said that i had always thought photosynthesis was simply the way plants breathe? Well this is where that comes into play. Plants "breathe" carbon dioxide, and CO2 is one of the main inputs into the Calvin Cycle. The most important output of the Calvin Cycle is a 3-Carbon sugar, and in order to obtain a 3-Carbon sugar, 3 CO2 molecules must enter the Calvin Cycle at a time, so it is often explained in increments of 3 Carbon Dioxide molecules at a time. The carbon dioxide meets up with a huge complex protein called Rubisco, which latches onto the carbon dioxide molecule and brings it to the start of the Calvin Cycle. The Carbon Dioxide molecule merges with a RuBP molecule (Ribulose 

Biphosphate), which is a 5-Carbon molecule. Together they make a 6-Carbon molecule, but it is a very unstable one, so it quickly breaks into two 3-Carbon molecules. 2 ATP's and 2 NADPH's are used per 3-Carbon molecule to fuel the rearrangement of the 3-Carbon molecules, until they are in the form of a pyruvate. One of the 3-Carbon molecules then drops a Carbon, and then the 2-Carbon molecule reconnects with the other 3-Carbon molecule and forms a 5-Carbon molecule. Another ATP comes and rearranges the 5-Carbon molecule into a molecule of RuBP, and then another Carbon Dioxide molecule enters, and the cycle starts all over again. For every three Carbon Dioxide molecules that enter the cycle, one 3-Carbon sugar is secreted. Glucose is the ultimate goal, so 6 Carbon Dioxides must cycle through in order to obtain one molecule of Glucose. The inputs of the light independent reaction include Carbon Dioxide, ATP, and NADPH, and the outputs include Glucose. This glucose then goes through cellular respiration in the mitochondria of the plant, and eventually ends up making tons of ATP. The entire Calvin Cycle, or light independent reaction, can be summed up in the diagram below.

That is the entire process of photosynthesis in all of the boring laborious details, but there are some cool aspects of photosynthesis too: 

Did you know..?

Pine trees and other conifers have evolved to grow in a triangle shape because of photosynthesis. The tree's shape exposes most of its needles to the sun, especially the ones near the top of the tree, enabling it to produce enough energy to grow taller. (http://www.ehow.com/facts_5412442_weird-photosynthesis.html) 

Africa's desert Tree Tumbo plant only has two broad leaves and can live for almost 1,000 years with exposure to little rainfall.(http://www.ehow.com/facts_5412442_weird-photosynthesis.html) 

In 2001, a group from Westwood High School in Austin, Texas, won a contest from the Science Songwriters Association for the song "Photosynthesis Boys Are Back."

Read more: Weird Facts About Photosynthesis | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/facts_5412442_weird-photosynthesis.html#ixzz1AZ9nwAkF

Cell Respiration Basketball Rap

Basketball rap about cell respiration to the song Cupid's Chokehold (Radio Mix) by Gym Class Heroes featuring Patrick Stump. Written and performed by Dawson and Cuyler.



Lyrics-
Chorus 1:
Cell Respiration, it gives me my energy.
Cell respiration, it produces ATP.

Verse 1:
You take glucose and you oxidize, but first phosphates have to phosphorilize,
With two molecules of ATP, splitting the 6-carbon into 3.
And then the molecules they re-arrange, and the two phosphates are exchanged,
And that's when four more ADP, come and turn into four more ATP.
And then two nad ions, reduce with two lonely electrons
And they make two nadh.
And then it's just two puruvate, which without oxygen will fermentate,
Into either lactate you recall? or alcohol and ethanol.

Chorus 2:
Cell Respiration, it gives me my energy.
Cell respiration, it produces ATP.
Cell Respiration, just take a look at me.
Cell Respiration, without it I'm RIP.

Verse 2:
Then the two pyruvates transport, and to the m and m are escort,
Ted by the co-enzymeA, and become an acetelCoA,
But first the acid's oxidized, and loses one carbon dioxide,
And then one nad ion, goes to nad and hydrogon.
They meet oxaloacetate, and then they become citrate,
Then they lose one molecule, of carbon as a CO two
Then the oxidation repeats, and another carbon secrets
But this time one ADP, turns into one more ATP

Then four carbons rearrange, and NAD FADH exchange,
For NADH FADH two and leaves oxaloacetate.

Chorus 3:
Cell Respiration, next comes the ETC.
Cell respiration, it makes lots more ATP.
Cell respiration, it needs lots of oxygen,
Cell respiration, for ATP production.

Verse 3:
Glycolysis and Krebs, make 4 ATP then,
Respiration goes to the ETC.

10 NADH are made, two FADH are laid, in the M and M,
Oh and then.

The electrons go right through, the cytochromes pump through,
The H then the e's make water.

But the H are soon replaced, move in ATP synthase,
And it spins.

And ADPs are soon phosphoralized, as the synthase pumps out ATPs surprise?

NAD's each give three, the FADH just two,
But all in all they make 38 brand new, ATP

Chorus 4:
Cell Respiration, it gives me my energy.
Cell respiration, it produces ATP.
Cell Respiration, just take a look at me.
Cell Respiration, without it I'm RIP.